We went over the body system ppt today. I was asked to take notes on a big poster in the front. Though it was somewhat awkward, it was rather helpful because due to peer pressure I took some notes that I can actually understand for the first time.

I wrote down the information in terms of function and structure (not really structure, but rather the few main organs). I feel like the materials today is just to give us a brief overview of what our body is consist of and the main functions and structures of systems. The pace was pretty fast, so we did not go into detail in every system. 

I will make a more specific notes about body systems in the near future, preferably during break.

• Skeletal system
• Function
• shape
• support
• protection
• produce blood cells 
• structures
• axial skeleton
• appendicular skeleton
• Lymphatic system
• function
• take out excessive liquid
• protect from pathogens (work with pathogens)
• produce some white blood cells
• generate antibodies
• Structure
• spleen, marrow, etc
• Respiratory system
• functions
• breath in O2 (diffusion)
• into bloodstream
• out CO2
• from lungs
• sound production
• Structure
• lungs
• pharyax
• trachea
• larynx 
• Integumentary System
• function
• regulate temperature 
• absorb vitamin D
• prevent loss of water
• protection from bacteria
• gather info from environment
• Structure 
• hair, gland, skin
• Immune system
• Functions
• protect from foreign invaders
• Structure
• white blood cells
• bone marrow (produce blood cells)
• antibodies
• lymph nodes
• Circulatory
• function
• pump blood to body
• carries O2 and nutrient to cells and wastes away
• regulate temperature
• acid base balance
• work with respiratory system to circulate gas in the body
• Digestive
• Function 
• break down food
• absorb nutrience
• take away waste
• structure
• mouth
• stomach
• intestines
• esophagus
• Muscular system
• function
• support body
• movement
• temperature regulation
• structure
• smooth muscle
• cardiovascular muscle
• skeleton muscle
• endocrine system
• Function
• regulate body activities
• glands release hormones to give orders
• structure
• pancreas
• hypothalamus
• pituitary
• thyroid
• etc
• Reproductive system
• function
• produce gametes
• hormone regulation
• structure
• testicles
• ovary
• etc
• excretory
• function
• elimination of waste
• regulation of blood composition and volume
• acid base balace
• structure
• kidney
• urethra
• etc

Important Misconceptions
Heart is not part of the circulatory system. It is composed of mainly cardiovascular muscle, which is part of the muscle system.

Today, I continued to investigate on the topic of diabetes, so that I will be ready when I give instructions as the leader.

• Symptoms
• Type 1 Diabetes

• Frequent urination
• Unusual thirst
• Extreme hunger
• Unusual weight loss
• Extreme fatigue and Irritability
• Type 2 Diabetes

• Any of the type 1 symptoms
• Frequent infections
• Blurred vision
• Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal
• Tingling/numbness in the hands/feet
• Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections
• the video on the bottom helps to explain the symptoms of diabetes
• Effects on other systems and organs
• eyes
• damage the blood vessels in eyes
• signals cannot reach eyes
• lead to glaucoma, cataracts, structural change to retina, and blindness
• buildup of pressure from from fluid
• compress nerves and other structure in eyes
• nervous system
• excessive glucose circulating in blood damages nerves
• leads to numbness, tingling and pain
• leg and feet especially
• loss of sensation
• amputation
• heart
• National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse: If you have diabetes, you are at least twice as likely as someone who does not have diabetes to have heart disease or a stroke
• kidneys
• high blood sugar makes kidneys work harder to filter blood
• lead to chronic kidney disease and complete failure
• liver
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• liver's difficulty processing fats
• develop scar tissue on your liver and cirrhosis 

Important Misconceptions
Before this, I only knew that diabetes can cause one to go blind. Now I know that diabetes affects not only the nerve system, but also many other organs.

http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/symptoms/

http://www.livestrong.com/article/74116-systems-body-affected-diabetes/

Today, Mr. C launched a new project regarding Diabetes. This is a class project, a project which the class will be working together and graded as a whole. I was honorably elected to be the leader of my class. 
I did some basic research on diabetes.

Diabetes

• medically known as diabetes mellitus
• metabolism disorder
• affects how the body uses and digest food for growth and energy
• food we consume is broken down into glucose (type of sugar)
• cells utilize glucose in our bloodstream for growth and energy 
• Insulin, a hormone, is produced in the pancreas.
• after eating, the pancreas automatically releases insulin to transport the blood glucose into the cells
• Debates 
• glucose doesn't enter the cells
• glucose build up until levels are too high
• result in hyperglycemia 
• Type 1
• general
• the body is producing no insulin
• cause
• loss of beta cells in the pancreas; they produce insulin
• not an result of lifestyle, therefore is not preventable
• generally appear early in life (before 40)
• Type 2 diabetes
• general 
• the cells do not respond correctly to insulin (insulin resistance)
• glucose more difficult to enter the cells
• not enough insulin is being produced
• cause
• overweight and unfit
• generally appear later in life, but more and more young patients
• This video does a good job explaining type 2 diabetes (from youtube, so turn on your vpn)

The first step I took today was to divide the work force into two shifts: The Research Group and the Design Group. Here are the plan for tomorrow's lesson.

Important Misconceptions
I used to think that diabetes is caused by an excessive intake of sugar. Today, by research, I learnt that high glucose level is one of the effects of diabetes and not the cause of it.

These two concepts of endocytosis and exocytosis are fairly simple. Cytosis is a transportation mechanism for large molecules to move in and out of cells.

Endocytosis is a process for moving items that are outside of the cell into the cytoplasm of the cell.

Exocytosis is a process for moving items from the cytoplasm of the cell to the outside.

Below is a video clip that explains the process of endocytosis and exocytosis. Mr. C showed in class. It is on youtube so you might need to turn on your vpn to watch.

Important Misconception
The process of endocytosis and exocytosis involves the formation and discharge of vesicles. There are different forms of endocytosis for absorption of different form of substances, which we are not expected to know. 

• epithelial tissue
• tightly packed
• protect the body from
• drying out
• injury
• bacteria
• additional functions (sweeps up impurities)
• cuboidal epithelium
• salivary pancreas thyroid kidney
• excretion
• a lot of mitochondria ATP
• some two layers
• column
• longer
• goblet, secret   

The adjacent cells are connected by junctions, created by the proteins in the cell membrane.

There are three types of junctions: tight junction, desmosome, and gap junction.

Tight junction

• bands of membrane proteins 
• predominantly in epithelial tissues
• prevent water from leaking between cells
• body fluid

Desmosomes

• thickened patches in the cell membrane region between two cells
• increase the rigidity of tissues
• button-like junctions that bind cells together
• spot desmosomes
• found in epithelium, smooth muscle, etc

Gap Junction

• two cells are separated by a small gap
• bridged by specialized channels that allow the passage of water and small molecules
• help coordinate the activities of adjacent cells

Important Misconception
Junctions are what connects cells together. They are crucial from the smallest units.